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Earthquake rotational loading
Earthquake rotational loading indicates the excitation of structures due to the torsional and rocking components of seismic actions. Nathan M. Newmark was the first researcher who showed that this type of loading may result in unexpected failure of structures, and its influence should be considered in design codes.〔N. M. Newmark, Torsion in symmetrical building, Proc. 4th world conf. earthquake eng. Santiago, Chile 2, A.3 (1969) 19-32.〕 There are different phenomena that may lead to the earthquake rotational loading of structures, such as propagation of body wave, surface wave, special rotational wave, block rotation, topographic effect, and soil structure interaction.〔M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Approximate formulas for rotational effects in earthquake engineering, Journal of Seismology, Vol.16 (2012) 815-827.〕
One of the challenges in structural engineering is defining the reliable and accurate loading patterns for design of earthquake-resistant structures based on the all components of the seismic motions-three translational and three rotational. From earthquake engineering approach, it is usually assumed that the rotational components are induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves and, consequently, these components are estimated in terms of corresponding translational components.〔M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, Simplified relations for the application of rotational components to seismic design codes, Engineering Structures, Vol.59 (2014) 141-152.〕 When the earthquake shaking can be specified at a single point, the rotational loading of structures can be performed by point rotation, which corresponds with gradient of a point on the ground surface. Most investigations on the earthquake rotational loading, by considering the effects of point rotation on the behavior of structures have shown that the rotational components based on their frequency content can severely change dynamic behavior of structures, which are sensitive to the high-frequency motions, such as secondary systems, historical monuments, nuclear reactors, tall asymmetric buildings or irregular frames, slender tower shape structures, bridges, vertically irregular structures, and even the ordinary multi-story buildings.〔M. D. Trifunac, The role of strong motion rotations in the response of structures near earthquake faults, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.29 (2009) 382-393.〕 The contribution of the rotational components to the seismic response of the structures supported on the rigid mat foundation can even be amplified if the effects of the kinematic and dynamic soil structure interaction are considered in structural loading and modeling.〔J. E. Luco, H. L. Wong, Response of a rigid foundation to a spatially random ground motion, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.14 (1986) 891–908.〕
In spite of the fact that the rotational components may significantly affect the seismic behavior of structures, their influence is not currently considered in the most of modern design codes, which the main reasons of this ignorance may be attributed to: (1) lack of the recorded data on the rotational accelerations and difficulty in presenting a quantitative assessment of the rotational acceleration components for given translational components, and (2) complexity in derivation of simplified seismic loading patterns for structures subjected to the rotational excitations.〔 M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Rotational components in structural loading, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 75 (2015) 220-233.〕
==References==
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